Health & safety

- OBLIGATION-


1. Employer

An employer is the person who employs any person to do work.

They have to provide and keep a saftey working environment.  Also, They need to provide and arrange facilities for the health and saftey of their employees such as first-aid things, personal protect equipment and emergency equipment. The employer should consider employees' physical stress and psycho-social stress as well.  In addition, as an employer, they have to develop procedures for dealing with emergencies that may happen while employees are working.

Hazard management responsibilities

The employer have to manage significant hazard at the workshop.

firstly, they need to know the identity of machinary and meterials, so the employer can foresee and deal with portential danger in advance. Moreover, they should evaluate the harm of their facilities. Follwing these, the employer have to controll and mornitor not only employee but all of the equipments.
These controls generally eliminate, isolate, or minimise hazards in a more reliable manner than personal protective equipment.
Furthermore, the employer should know what employees need such as  personal safety gears. If nessecery, they should inform and train about hazard and safety their employees. The employee must be adequately trained in the safe use of all plant, objects, substances, protective clothing and equipment that they are or may be required to use or handle. For the reason, the employer have to supervise all of stuff. Whenever receives an injury report from an employee, an employer must document the incident

2. Employee

An employee is any person who is employed to do any work for hire and reward under a contract of service. They have keep the health and saftey by them selves. Can not act which may harm others while on duty. They need to report to manager or suoervisor when they find any hazard or any machinary troubles. Also, they must not misuse or break any equipment. They should have oppertunities for improving thier health and saftey knowledges. They also, have the right to refuse to work if the work condition is not safety enough. When employer explain about hazard on work to employees, they must show that they understand it.
All employees, even contracted or temporary workers, should receive training in workplace safety on the first day of the job.

The requirement to instruct employees in the use of protective equipment should be read in conjunction with that of which requires that employers are advised of the hazards they may experience in their work, and the steps needed to overcome them

 Employees should know what steps to take in the event of workplace injury, equipment malfunction, fire, natural disaster or other incident. Periodically run through the emergency plan so that workers understand evacuation routes and assigned responsibilities when crisis strikes.

3. Designers, manufacturers and suppliers of plant to places of work. They require designers, manufacturers, and suppliers to give employers the information they need to fulfil this duty.

 

Employees should know what steps to take in the event of workplace injury, equipment malfunction, fire, natural disaster or other incident. Periodically run through the emergency plan so that workers understand evacuation routes and assigned responsibilities when crisis strikes.

-PERSONAL SAFETY APPAREL

Personal protective equipment (PPE)  are including clothing, hard hat, goggles and, boots which are designed to protect the wearer's body from injury  by blunt impacts, electrical hazards, heat, chemicals, and infection, for job-related health and safety purposes.  The use of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards while on duty.

A steel-toe boot (also known as a safety boot, steel-capped boot or safety shoe) is a durable boot that has a protective reinforcement in the toe which protects the foot from falling objects or compression.

Ear defenders protect the wearer from extreme noises. The head band and outer covering is usually made from a hard thermoplastic or metal.A hard hat is a type of helmet predominantly used in workplace environments, such as construction sites, to protect the head from injury by falling objects, impact with other objects, debris, bad weather and electric shock. Inside the helmet is a suspension that spreads the helmet's weight over the top of the head. It also provides a space of approximately 30 mm (1.2 inch) between the helmet's shell and the wearer's head so that if an object strikes the shell, the impact is less likely to be transmitted directly to the skull.

A respirator is a device that designed to protect the wearer from inhaling harmful dusts, fumes, vapors, and/or gases. Respirators come in a wide range of types and sizes used by the military, private industry, and the public. Respirators range from cheaper, single-use, disposable masks to reusable models with replaceable cartridges.
There are two main categories: the air-purifying respirator, which forces contaminated air through a filtering element, and the air-supplied respirator, in which an alternate supply of fresh air is delivered. Within each category, different techniques are employed to reduce or eliminate noxious airborne contents. 



Heights


Always wearing PPE and fall aresst devices while on duty
Be aware what kind mishap may happen and concentrate on own job
Worker must eliminate any dangerous or risk equipment.
Put equipments on the right place
Use a aldder on the flat ground






Confined space

When it comes to working in confined spaces, the management must make provision to identify any hazards present, assess the risks posed by them and put procedures in place and take any necessary precautionary measures to protect the workforce. All of these considerations will usually be determined by the following

• What the work entails
• The environment in which it is carried out
• The materials and tools that are to be used
• The competency and suitability of those employed to carry out the work
• Emergency rescue or evacuation procedures
  

  If the results of the Risk Assessment identify any possibility of serious injury or stress from working in the confined space then the Confined Spaces Regulations apply.

  The Confined Spaces Regulations cover a broad range of industries and how the legislation might apply to a particular location which has been deemed to be a confined space. However, in brief, management firstly needs to check if the work that’s involved could be carried out without the need to enter the confined space. Obviously, that isn’t always possible so the next step is to develop and manage a safe system of working practice which all people who are entering the confined space must adhere to. Each and every worker’s life could be at stake so everybody must be fully instructed and trained to ensure each of them know what their responsibilities are, the tasks they need to carry out and how to carry them out safely in accordance with the legislation.


Underground


Employees exposed to public vehicular traffic shall be provided with, and must wear, warning vests or other suitable garments marked with or made of reflectorized or high visibility material. Employees are not allowed under loads handled by lifting or digging equipment. Employees must stand away from vehicles being loaded or unloaded to avoid being struck by spillage or falling materials. Operators may remain in the cabs of vehicles being loaded or unloaded when the vehicles are equipped to provide adequate protection for the operator during these operations.

The compliance requirements for people worinking in range of location

 

Using power tool

1.Do not use unless you have been trained

2.Do not use in the area where may explose

3.Do not suprise or touch the person who is operating the tool.

4.Ask to hold or use clamp the object

5. Check the switch and controller before use it. 

6. Keep clean the work space and the tool.

7. Be sure to keep good position and good balace when you are operating.

8. Do not remove the guard

 Using machime

1. Be aware where the emergency stop button is positioned.

2. Waring PPE if it is necessary.

3.Do not misues it

4.Report if the machine has any demeges.

5. Do not rush.

6. Give the motor time to reach full speed before it is put under load, otherwise the motor burn out

Using pneumatic devices.

1. Eye and head protection gears are required.

2. Do not point at anyone.

3. Ware hearing protection

Responsibilities of employer and employee to manage workplace hazards.

The strategy for dealing with these risks is to use the 5 point process

IDENTIFY Existing, new, or potential hazards.

ELIMINATE. Get rid of the hazard e.g. use flash proof lights.

ISOLATE. Confine the hazard to a certain area if elimination is not possible. E.g.       Dangerous goods store.

MINIMISE. Keep the hazard to a minimum. E.g. good ventilation

MONITOR In a planed ongoing manner keep record of all of the above points.

reference 

 http://www.wikipedia.org/ 

Boat Construction (5)

The water tank will be installed underneath  the berth and water pipes are going to go through under the toilet and basin. These are turned under the cockpit and go to galley. To lay pipes I  broke a way. I cut base of basin and made a hole on blukhead between the plinth and  the berth. 

As a next step, I had an oval basin bowl and cut a hole on the top of basin.  Firstly, I put the bowl upside down on the top of timber and drew a line along the shape. By changing the plinth design the position of basin was rotated more.

Boat Construction (4)

I made doublers for fitting in the basin and set it up on the right palce. Plus, I made a basin cover too.

Over the my basin side of bulkhead, the cockpit is placed, and underneath of that water pipes are going to  be installed. That's why I made two holes and create smaller room for electic wirings.

Additionally, I built one more shelf insde the basin to gain enough storage.  

During the job, I made a mistake that I sanded the edges too much. It became too small to fit.  As a result, I had to make the basin shelf again which would be bigger than mistake one. To making right size of shelf quickly, I used a transfer skill that is measuring outfit with a small stick and transfer to other timber.

1. Check how much need to extend.
    Prepare a small stick.

2. Put down the stick on the timber and make sure its end touches the wall. Draw the outline of the stick.

3. Draw several more out line of the stick in same procedure  along the outshape.

4. Lay the timber down onto new timber which is going to transfer. Put the stick on following out lines. Mark the edge of stick. Link all these marks.

I made doublers along the bulkhead and small room. I also attached short doublers on the hull and inside the basin. 

Boat Construction (3)

 My next mission was making a plinth of toilet.

In the begining, I surched the types of toilets and basins which were suitable size and design for our boat. I decided to use 'Lever pump toilet' and white colour 'Oval basin'. Also I needed to apply the ergpnomic, because if the toilet is set too high, users may experience an inconvenience. Thus, as the height of toilet, I had to alter the height of plinth as well.  

Firstly, I found that around 400(mm) was common height of toilet by measuring school toilets. The height of toilet which is using in our boat was 340(mm), so I thought about 60(mm) tall was enough for plinth. However, I should consider about water pipes which are going through under the plinth. If plinth is too low it would difficult to setting and fixing thoes inner systems. After I discussing with my tutor, I confirmed the height of plinth as 150(mm).

 Actually, it was designed  that the end of plinth meets in the middle of basin, so users are able to put their foot on the conner when they are using the basin. However, by the reason of the low cabin roof, user may not bend their back naturally, if they take a step on the conner. I also wondered that it might be difficult to clean up later, beacuse of the narrow conner.  Most of all, it did not looking good in my view. I suggested my tutor to change the shape of plinth. My counterplan was covering two different curves with a long wavy shape and rotating the position of basin toward bulkhead. I believed it gave an unity both the basin and toilet. Eventually, it would be looked more stylish.

Fortunately, my tutor accepted my idea, but how I am making the bend shape timber was the problem for sloving.  Several ideas were suggested; 1. Sreaming the timber and bend it. 2. Carving the timber with tools 3. Laying thin timbers and bend them(laminating). My tutor and I concluded to use a laminating technique which I learnt from former project, so I felt comfortable to do it.

At the first,I obtained three thin ply woods by dressing one thick timber. It was able to bend without steaming. Then, I prepared some wooden blocks and clamped them with the laminated timbers after guling. 

After finishing laminating, I cut both ends evenly, and joined two thick ply woods.

The next step was pretty tricky, because I had to make a door on the curved basin body.  Cutting off on curved surface with  a jig saw was not easy. Moreover, I had to gave  exactly same radius all of four conners. Above all, there was any other replacement thing, when I make a mistake. Although I felt nervous, I managed and completed it well.    

I attached doublers inside of basin body and tried to close the door. However,curiously it does not fit. One edge of door was twisted and it was wobbling. My tutor said that it caused by lack of gluing. Former students who made this, less cared when they did laminating. I discovered the gaps form the body. I filled the gap with glue powder and sanded the surface for makig the body and the door even.